The BACH study showed that post-micturition symptoms including PMD were indicative of impaired physical and mental health-related quality of life using the Medical Outcomes Study 12-item Short Form Survey (SF-12). In the TAMUS, PMD was the most bothersome LUTS in males aged 30 to 40 years, but not in other age groups. However, from an individual perspective, urge incontinence was the most bothersome symptom. In a population-based study that involved 1,709 males aged 18 to 79 years in Finland, the most prevalent LUTS causing moderate or severe bother was PMD. Furthermore, PMD may be one of the most common LUTS in males. However, it is noted that PMD is not a rare symptom compared with other LUTS. For example, some studies used the DAN-PSS-1, whereas other studies used questionnaires developed by the researchers. In previous studies, the difference in reported prevalence rates seems to be due to the different definition of PMD and the use of various tools for assessing PMD. In most studies, a positive trend was observed between PMD prevalence and advancing age. In a practice-based study that involved more than 1,500 males aged ≥18 years in Southeast Asia, the prevalence rate was 55.0%. The internet-based epidemiologic study (Epidemiology of LUTS, EpiLUTS), which involved over 14,000 males ≥18 years in three Western countries, reported a prevalence rate of 29.7%. On the other hand, the population-based Tampere Ageing Male Urologic Study (TAMUS), which involved over 7,000 Finnish males aged 30 to 80 years, revealed a PMD prevalence rate of 58.1%. In a Chinese population study, which involved more than 1,500 males aged ≥18 years, the prevalence rate was 9.4%.
Another population-based study (Boston Area Community Health study) involving more than 2,300 males aged 30 to 79 years in the United States reported a prevalence rate of 8.7%. In a population-based study (EPIC study) that involved more than 8,000 males aged ≥18 years in five Western countries, the prevalence rate of PMD was 5.5%. However, the HPMDQ has not yet been validated, and further studies are needed to prove its clinical utility. to allow for the assessment of various aspects of PMD, including frequency, severity, bother, quality of life, and response to treatment. Recently, the Hallym Post-Micturition Dribble Questionnaire (HPMDQ) was introduced to assess PMD ( Supplementary material). However, the DAN-PSS-1 questionnaire does not include information on the frequency of PMD or its effect on quality of life, although the severity of symptoms and associated bother can be assessed. Therefore, most studies have used the Danish Prostatic Symptom Score (DAN-PSS-1) or questionnaires developed by researchers to assess PMD.
However, PMD cannot be assessed by using the IPSS, because there are no questions concerning PMD on the IPSS. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) is the most widely used tool for the evaluation of LUTS. Terminal dribble is classified as a voiding symptom and is the term used when an individual describes a prolonged final part of micturition when the flow has slowed to a trickle or dribble. PMD is completely distinguishable from terminal dribble. It is classified as a post-micturition symptom, according to the standardization of terminology of LUTS by the International Continence Society. For older men, they may develop PMD following a prostatectomy and may have associated urinary symptoms.The term PMD is used to describe the involuntary loss of urine immediately after an individual finishes passing urine, usually after leaving the toilet in males or after rising from the toilet in females. Other signs of urinary dysfunction are not normally present, although some men have symptoms such as urgency, frequency, hesitancy and straining. Constant cough, for example, a smoker’s cough.Continual straining to empty the bowels, especially when constipated.The pelvic floor muscles can be weakened by: PMD is due to a weakness of the muscles of the pelvic floor, which surround the urethra. Men usually find that even after waiting and gently shaking, the problem remains.
Trousers and clothes can end up getting wet, causing frustration and embarrassment. However, PMD is likely to occur when the main flow has finished, and clothes are being rearranged after a visit to the toilet. It may be experienced in women, but it is much more common in men. The condition can be a nuisance and cause embarrassment. It is not caused by stress from exertion or due to a problem with the bladder, and it should be distinguished from terminal dribble, which occurs at the end of passing urine. Post-Micturition Dribble (PMD), or after dribble, is the name given to the problem when men experience an involuntary loss of urine immediately after they have finished passing urine, usually after leaving the toilet.
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